![]() This is accomplished by sending memory addresses in 2+ "chunks" ( Dual-Cycle Addressing) - the first 32 bits on 1 cycle, and the remaining bits on consecutive cycles thereafter. ![]() In order to support multiple memory intensive applications and to compensate 8GB+ mainboard support, Intel (and later, AMD) introduced PAE (Physical Address Extension) to increase the addressing space to 48 bits (and later 52 bits), respectively. Because of MMIO (Memory-Mapped Input/Output) a portion of this space is also used to communicate with, and address the memory of, your peripheral devices (ie gfx cards). 32-bit processors natively have 4GB (2^32 ) of address space - Period.
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